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The basis of successful motor learning is a good notion of movement. When it comes to beginners, the notion of movement is vague, incomplete, sometimes even wrong and not in harmony with the real dynamic and temporal parameters of movement technique. A correct notion is formed on the basis of the instructor's explanation and demonstration. By means of visual and verbal information, a beginner can easily form a basic notion of movement and enhance it by the already existing motor programmes stored in his motor memory. In the ideomotor method, movement is performed inside one's mind, which makes it an example of mental learning. Only the motor cortex is activated and is responsible for the planning of motor structures. The athlete "executes" the movement technique in his mind, particularly the key elements of the technique. This method may be used in different situations. In the concentration phase, the athlete may take a mental leap and seemingly perform certain movement phases. The ideomotor method may help consolidate the movement pattern, as the number of imaginary repetitions is greater than the real movement frequency. Thus, the movement pattern consolidates because the memory traces before the next repetition are fresher and stronger. This method is highly effective, even when the athlete is injured, does not train and cannot execute the movement technique. Ideomotor training may help the athlete to concentrate on the crucial moments of his performance. An athlete should be capable of "getting rid" of stress and competitive pressure and should prepare himself for the decisive moments of a competition.

 

 

 

During the phase of automated and highly adaptable movement, when the athlete is able to execute optimal technique in changeable circumstances, the iterative method (Latin iteratio from iterum – repetition, doing anew) is one of the most common exercise methods. It involves repetition of a movement in a series over a period of short intervals. Each execution leaves a trace in the motor memory and paves the way for another trace. The effect of this method depends on the degree of technique automation, the athlete's motor abilities, movement complexity, the number of repetitions, concentration and mo- 58 M. ČOH, D. JOVANOVIĆ-GOLUBOVIĆ, M. BRATIĆ tivation. When applying this method attention has to be paid to the correct technical execution of movement, otherwise the incorrect movements will become automated. The method is all the more successful when the movements are most similar to competitive technique elements. In the repetition process, breaks between the repetitions are highly important. If a break is too short, it can lead to mental and physical exhaustion or the learner might start getting tired of that exercise. The pitfall of using this method is that it primarily activates the left hemisphere of the brain, which inhibits motivation and creativity. During this phase, feedback information about the correct execution of a motor task is of great importance. The instructor has to present the learner with as much criteria as possible so that the latter may evaluate his own performance independently. The control of movement is thus transferred from the instructor to the learner, where the latter develops a subtle feeling for execution accuracy. At this level, and by using this method, the instructor leaves the control of movement technique to the athlete, who has to rely on his inner feelings and feedback information. Of course it is recommendable that the athlete compares his inner feelings with an objective recording of the technique e.g. video recording. The instructor's intervention in this phase is only necessary when serious errors in movement are identified. Errors may occur unexpectedly, owing to fatigue, lack of concentration, a hidden injury or the athlete's getting tired of training. This is why the instructor has to have professional knowledge, practical experience and the ability to analyse movement, while at the same time giving the athlete the right information at the right time and in the right place.